Math functions & String Operations

• Take the list of recorded magnitudes (at least ten values, possibly with repeats) as user input.

• Calculate the amplitude ratio between each consecutive pair of magnitudes (m1 - m2) using the formula:

  amplitude_ratio = 10 (m2 - m1)

  and store these ratios in a list, rounded to two decimal places. (This shows how many times stronger (or weaker) the second event was.)

• Using the statistics module, compute and display:

  • mean: the average magnitude
  • variance: how much the magnitudes vary overall
  • mode: the most common magnitude

• Convert the magnitude list into a set to determine and display the number of distinct magnitude recorded.

• Prepare a list of chart bins by flooring each magnitude to the nearest whole number.

• Finally, print out:

  • The original magnitudes
  • The amplitude ratios between each pair
  • The calculated mean, variance and mode
  • The count of unique magnitudes
  • The list of floored chart bins

// input
Enter magnitudes: 3.2 4.1 3.8 5.0 4.1 3.2 4.7 5.0 4.1 3.8

// output
Original magnitudes:
[3.2, 4.1, 3.8, 5.0, 4.1, 3.2, 4.7, 5.0, 4.1, 3.8]

Amplitude ratios between each pair:
[7.94, 0.50, 15.85, 0.13, 0.13, 31.62, 1.99, 0.13, 0.50]

Magnitude stats:
Mean: 4.1  
Variance: 0.42  
Mode: 4.1

Number of distinct magnitudes: 5

Chart bins (floored values):
[3, 4, 3, 5, 4, 3, 4, 5, 4, 3]

• Take a list of monthly CO₂ readings in parts per million (ppm) as user input (at least six values).

• Monthly Growth Factors:

  • For each consecutive pair of readings (prev, curr), compute the exact growth factor (curr / prev) (using Fraction module) and then convert to a float. (This shows how many times higher the concentration is compared to the previous month.)
  • Store these in a list.

• Convert each growth factor into a monthly growth rate using the natural logarithm:

  rate = log(factor)

  (This tells the continuous rate of increase per month.)

• Logarithmic Rates:

  • Find the highest and lowest recorded CO₂ values using max() and min().
  • Then compute their difference (range_ppm = max - min) to see the overall swing.

• Future Projection (Exponential Growth):

  • Find the average monthly growth rate (mean of your rate list).

  • Project the CO₂ level 12 months from the last reading using:

    projection = last_reading * (1 + average_rate)12

• Threshold Timing:

  • Ask the user for a critical threshold value (e.g., 450 ppm).

  • Solve for how many whole months it will take to exceed that threshold by rearranging the exponential model:

    months = log(threshold / last_reading) / log(1 + average_rate)

  • Round this up to the next whole month with ceil().

• Finally, print out:

  • The original CO₂ readings
  • The list of growth factors
  • The max, min, and range of readings
  • The projected CO₂ after one year
  • The count of unique magnitudes
  • The number of months (ceiled) to reach the threshold

// input
Enter CO₂ readings (ppm): 400 405 410 412 415 420

Enter threshold (ppm): 450

// output
Original readings:
[400, 405, 410, 412, 415, 420]

Exact growth factors:
[81/80, 82/81, 206/205, 415/412, 84/83]

Decimal growth factors:
[1.0125, 1.0123, 1.0049, 1.0073, 1.0120]

Monthly log-rates:
[0.0124, 0.0123, 0.0049, 0.0073, 0.0120]

Max reading: 420  
Min reading: 400  
Range: 20

Projected CO₂ after 12 months: 471.91 ppm

Months to reach 450 ppm: 8

• Take two lists (same length) as user input:
  • rise (vertical rise in meters)
  • run (horizontal run in meters)
• Compute Slope Angles:
  • For each pair (rise, run), calculate the slope angle in degrees:
    • angle_rad = atan(rise / run)
    • angle_deg = degrees(angle_rad)
  • Store all angles in a list. (This tells how many degrees above horizontal each slope is.)
• Gravity Components:

  • For each angle_rad, compute:

    • vertical_ratio = sin(angle_rad) (i.e. rise / hypotenuse : this tells how much gravity pulls down the slope.)
    • horizontal_ratio = cos(angle_rad) (i.e. run / hypotenuse : this tells how much gravity pulls along the slope.)

    (These ratios help engineers know braking and traction needs.)

• Filter Unsafe Segments:
  • Ask the user for a maximum safe angle (in degrees), (e.g. 35 degrees).
  • Use built-in filter() to select only those slopes where angle_deg > max_safe. (These are the segments that need extra attention or redesign.)
• Finally, print out:
  • for each segment:
    • Rise, run
    • Computed angle (°)
    • Vertical and horizontal ratios
  • Then separately list which segment indices (or rise/run pairs) are unsafe.

// input
Enter rises (m): 10 20 40 8 25
Enter runs (m): 50 40 30 20 60
Enter maximum safe angle (°): 35

// output
Segment data:
1. Rise: 10, Run: 50 - Angle: 11.31° | Vertical ratio: 0.20, Horizontal ratio: 0.98
2. Rise: 20, Run: 40 - Angle: 26.57° | Vertical ratio: 0.45, Horizontal ratio: 0.89
3. Rise: 40, Run: 30 - Angle: 53.13° | Vertical ratio: 0.80, Horizontal ratio: 0.60
4. Rise: 8,  Run: 20 - Angle: 21.80° | Vertical ratio: 0.37, Horizontal ratio: 0.93
5. Rise: 25, Run: 60 - Angle: 22.62° | Vertical ratio: 0.38, Horizontal ratio: 0.92

Unsafe segments (angle > 35°):
3. Rise: 40, Run: 30 → Angle: 53.13°

// case 1
Enter the birth year: 2002
Enter the birth month: 2
Enter the birth day: 2

Age: 23 years, 18 months, and 10 days

// case 2
Enter the birth year: 2028
Enter the birth month: 12
Enter the birth day: 2

Invalid birthdate! Please enter a valid date.

// case 3
Enter the birth year: 1999
Enter the birth month: 29
Enter the birth day: 2

Invalid birthdate! Please enter a valid date.

// names: Amiya, Aarav, Aarna, Avyaya, Anura, Barkha, Chhavi, Chaah, Dhithi, Dvij, Falak, 
Hanita, Izaan, Jiyaan, Krishiv, Laya, Mahi, Moh, Navya, Nirvan, Nirmay, Nahar, Nadhiya, 
Ojal. Ojas, Parishi, Praan, Rahi, Sakhi, Shay, Yuti

// case 1
Enter the first letter: N

Names found:
Nahar
Navya
Nirmay
Nirvan

// case 2
Enter the first letter: V

No names found starting with 'V'.

// case 1
Enter your first and last name: Soham Parekh
Your username is: sparekh42

// case 2
Enter your first and last name: Ria Da
Your username is: rdada96

// case 3
Enter your first and last name: Mann Day
Your username is: mdayd17

• Prompt the user to enter a DNA sequence.
• Validate the input. (DNA sequence can contain only the letters A, T, C, G)
• Convert it to mRNA by replacing:
  • T - A
  • A - U
  • C - G
  • G - C

// case 1
Enter a DNA sequence: ATGCCAATT
Converted mRNA: UACGGUUAA

// case 2
Enter a DNA sequence: AGTX
Invalid DNA sequence! Please use only A, T, C and G.

Enter a DNA sequence: GGCC
Converted mRNA: CCGG

• I. Encoder

  • Before sending a message, transform each character into its hidden numeric form. That way, anyone peeking at the data will see only numbers, not the secret words!

    • Take the plain-text message as user input.
    • For each character in the note, use ord() to get its Unicode number.
    • Store those Unicode numbers and print the sequence of numbers.

• II. Decoder

  • On receiving the secret code (a list of numbers), it needs to be turned back into the original message to be read easily by the recipient.

    • Take the secret code as user input.
    • For each number, use chr() to convert it back to the character.
    • Join all characters into a single string and display the decoded message.

// Encoder
Enter your secret message: Club meeting at midnight in the treehouse!

Here is your encoded message:
67 108 117 98 32 109 101 101 116 105 110 103 32 97 116 32 109 105 100 110 105 103 104 116 32 105 110 32 116 104 101 32 116 114 101 101 104 111 117 115 101 33

// Decoder
Enter the secret code: 67 108 117 98 32 109 101 101 116 105 110 103 32 97 116 32 109 105 100 110 105 103 104 116 32 105 110 32 116 104 101 32 116 114 101 101 104 111 117 115 101 33

Your decoded message:
Club meeting at midnight in the treehouse!